Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. This section needs additional citations for verification. The stipules are mostly small, partly transformed into spines or glands, or missing. In succulent species, the leaves are mostly small and short-lived. The deciduous leaves may be opposite, alternate, or in whorls. The main stem and mostly also the side arms of the succulent species are thick and fleshy, 15вЂ“91В cm (6вЂ“36В in) tall. Many species are more or less succulent, thorny, or unarmed. The roots are fine or thick and fleshy or tuberous. The plants are annual, biennial or perennial herbs, woody shrubs, or trees with a caustic, poisonous milky latex. In 1753, botanist and taxonomist Carl Linnaeus assigned the name Euphorbia to the entire genus in the physician's honor. In 12В BC, Juba named this plant after his physician Euphorbos, as Augustus Caesar had dedicated a statue to the brother of Euphorbos, Antonius Musa, who was the personal physician of Augustus. regis-jubae) was used as a powerful laxative. Euphorbos wrote that one of the cactus-like euphorbias (now called Euphorbia obtusifolia ssp. Juba was a prolific writer on various subjects, including natural history. The botanical name Euphorbia derives from Euphorbos, the Greek physician of King Juba II of Numidia (52вЂ“50В BC вЂ“ 23В AD), who married the daughter of Anthony and Cleopatra. The common name 'spurge' derives from the Middle English/ Old French espurge ('to purge'), due to the use of the plant's sap as a purgative. It is the only genus of plants that has all three kinds of photosynthesis, CAM, C3 and C4. Structures supporting the flower head and other structures underneath have evolved to attract pollinators with nectar, and with shapes and colors that function in a way petals and other flower parts do in other flowers. These flowers have no sepals, petals, or other parts that are typical of flowers in other kinds of plants. The individual flowers are either male or female, with the male flowers reduced to only the stamen, and the females to the pistil. It has a unique kind of pseudanthium, called a cyathium, where each flower in the head is reduced to its barest essential part needed for sexual reproduction. When viewed as a whole, the head of flowers looks like a single flower (a pseudanthium). The genus may be described by properties of its members' gene sequences, or by the shape and form ( morphology) of its heads of flowers. The plants share the feature of having a poisonous, milky, white, latex-like sap, and unusual and unique floral structures. It was first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753 in Species Plantarum. Euphorbia antiquorum is the type species for the genus Euphorbia. It also has one of the largest ranges of chromosome counts, along with Rumex and Senecio. The genus has over or about 2,000 members, making it one of the largest genera of flowering plants. Д®uphorbias range from tiny annual plants to large and long-lived trees. Some are used as ornamentals in landscaping, because of beautiful or striking overall forms, and drought and heat tolerance.

Euphorbias from the deserts of Southern Africa and Madagascar have evolved physical characteristics and forms similar to cacti of North and South America, so they (along with various other kinds of plants) are often incorrectly referred to as cacti. Some are commonly cultivated as ornamentals, or collected and highly valued for the aesthetic appearance of their unique floral structures, such as the crown of thorns plant ( Euphorbia milii). Some euphorbias are commercially widely available, such as poinsettias at Christmas. 'Euphorbia' is sometimes used in ordinary English to collectively refer to all members of Euphorbiaceae (in deference to the type genus), not just to members of the genus. Euphorbia as a small tree: Euphorbia dendroidesД®uphorbia is a very large and diverse genus of flowering plants, commonly called spurge, in the spurge family ( Euphorbiaceae).

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